History (American Imperialism) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History (American Imperialism) - Essay Example 589). 500 banks, and 15,000 businesses failed. The rich industrialist and poor working classes were vastly separated, and the rights of African Americans since the Civil War were ignored. The federal government was in a state of constant stalemate. The U.S. administration needed to respond to economic and class divisions, as well as to cycles of boom and bust that were destroying the economy. They did this by adopting the practice of imperialism in foreign policy. This saved the economy, and brought the U.S. increased power. Imperialist policy decisions set the model for U.S. foreign policy into the 20th Century. McKinley was elected President in 1896. At this time, an economic recovery was happening. In addition, southern and western farmers, as well as Standard Oil, were sending product overseas. America was witnessing the actions of Britain and France, who were taking Africa and Indochina respectively, by force. Their machine-gun technology proved overwhelming to foreign resistanc e (Davidson, et al, 2010, p. 611). America wanted in on this expansion, and, like the Europeans, used the doctrine of Manifest Destiny to justify the exploitation of foreign peoples and resources. In addition to McKinley, a three-part group of elites banded together at this time â€Å"to promote American Imperialism† (Davidson et al, 2010, p. 612). Mahan, a navy admiral, promoted his theory of Navalism, which stated that the cycles of overproduction and depression that had been occurring could be alleviated by developing import and export with foreign markets. Modern cruisers and battleships were needed to protect these markets. Missionaries wanted to change â€Å"heathen† foreigners into Christians by introducing western culture and values. Many missionaries were opposed to the brute force exercise of power, but they were in favor of imposing their ideology onto foreign people. Social Darwinists Spencer and Sumner argued from the premise that Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic stock were the â€Å"fittest† to rule over â€Å"lesser peoples of the world† (Davidson et al, 2010, p.613). Then Secretary of State James G. Blain advocated for expansion of trade into Central and South America. Britain, however, already had interests in South America. Blaine’s efforts to cancel the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, which shared access with Great Britain to any possible canal that might be built, were resolved with the Hay Pauncefort Treaty. This stated that the U.S. could build a canal in Central America, but was required to give all nations access. Using the Manifest Destiny model, Blaine bullied Central American countries into compliance with his Pan American Union, which facilitated trade between the two regions. Blaine threatened to ban exports from Central American countries into the U.S. unless these countries complied. (Davidson, et al, 2010,p.616). The U.S. became involved with Spain, England, Venezuela, Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines due to th eir imperialist policies. The Spanish-American War was waged over possession of Cuba. America and Britain narrowly escaped war over disputes concerning trade in Central America. In Hawaii, the Queen was overthrown, and marines came in to â€Å"protect† American lives. Big sugar planters, who wanted trade with the U.S., were influential behind the scenes. American imperialist policy in the war in the Philippines contained racism and brutality. The U.S.

How Does Culture Affect Meaning and Communication Essay Example for Free

How Does Culture Affect Meaning and Communication Essay Nowadays we live in what is considered a â€Å"global village†, over time we have collectively worked towards this end. The need and desire to create a closer global community is not only seen as a technological advantage but an economic benefit. The world as we know it gets smaller every day, thanks to a new generation of social media applications such as facebook or twitter, which links vast communities together; communities and cultures are no longer cut off or remote. Take facebook for example, it has over 1 billion users, if it were a country it would be the third largest by population. (www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2013/012313.htm) Whether you live and work in remote Antarctica or bustling Hong Kong, technology and the studies of inter-culture communication ensures that people, governments and organizations can work effectively together in a harmonious and beneficial way. Naturally, this is an ideal situation, but as experience tells us, nothing is ever as simple. This essay explores how cultural differences effect meaning and communication. In doing so it will look at the definition of culture, what it is, and how it affects meaning. Furthermore, it will look at the acclaimed Dutch researcher, Geert Hofstede’s four dimensions of corporate culture as a framework to define and categorize cultural differences. Finally, it will raise potential problems raised in the field of inter-cultural communications and provide suggestions to overcome them. What is culture? Currently there are over â€Å"7 billion human inhabitants living on this planet. Each of these earth dwellers comes from a specific culture. (geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm) As the world becomes smaller, not physically, but by the use of new media and technology, as they traverse earth looking for new or better opportunities, so must they face the modern conundrum of understanding firstly, what is culture, and secondly, how the differences between cultures effect meaning and communications. Without an understanding of different cultures, the potential for misunderstanding is high, with the ever-present possibility of a breakdown in relationships and opportunities. (Dostine, 2008, pg 58) text book suggests that all humans can be broadly defined by our culture. In essence, we are all born into a culture that over time has been passed down from previous generations, bestowing a rich history, significant culture defining traits such as its religion, its values and ethics, its ceremonies, rites and rituals, languages, customs, laws and business practices. Moreover, verbal and non-verbal communications practices that differ from one culture to the next. Therefore, suffice to say that the more we know about each other’s cultures the more effective our communication and co-habitation of the planet will be. How does cultural effect meaning? At the best of times, communication between individuals can be somewhat challenging. Add to that mix, communicating with people from another cultures and suddenly, the propensity for misunderstanding and in some cases offence can very easily take place as a result of the differences between the cultural backgrounds, understanding and meaning between the sender and receiver can be in stark contrast. This can be due to the increase in variables in the communication mix, therefore making global interaction more complex. Furthermore, people’s perception or way of thinking, hearing or seeing can vary quite extensively from one culture to the next. It could be strongly argued that it would be highly advantageous for both parties to be aware of the differences and therefore the potential for problems that arise from inter-cultural communication. Nowadays, many multi-national organizations, governments and educators have training and education programs in place. They see the importance in creating a clear, concise and respectful flow of communications between cultures. An example of this could be the department of foreign affairs and trade (DFAT) in Canberra. One of its main functions is to liaise internally and externally to better position itself to and for greater opportunity. It would be highly likely that the department has educated its employees in the science of how to deal effectively with other cultures (governments, organizations, businesses). One of DFATs main objectives is to â€Å"work with other government agencies to ensure that Australias pursuit of its global, regional and bilateral interests is coordinated effectively†. (dfat.gov.au/dept/what-we-do.html) In the field of organizational cultural studies, a Dutch researcher known as Geert Hofstede went on to publish his highly regarded findings. These findings have become a highly influential and acceptable way in which modern organizations can asses the difference between national culture and organizational culture. Hostede, seen as a pioneer in area of corporate culture, created a framework in which to asses national cultural groups and how they may affect or influ ence behaviors within an organization. Hofstede’s research in the 1980s, included the survey and analysis of hundreds of thousands of employees across fifty countries, to further increase the validity of his findings he followed up several years later by re-surveying these workers. In his work Hofstede asserted that the values that differentiated counties from each other fell into four dissimilar categories or clusters. Through the process of his study in corporate culture, Hofstede’s created a framework whereby he classified culture into four different dimensions. These dimensions looked at four anthropological problem areas that societies tend to handle differently to one another. Such as, ways in which they cope with inequality, uncertainty, the relationship between the individual and their primary group and implication of the persons sex. Born from this was Hofsteds four dimensions of national culture. They become knows as Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism versus Collectivism, and Masculinity versus Femininity. (www.geerthofstede.nl/dimensions-of-national-cultures) In discussing the Four Dimensions of Culture, Hofstede claims that: Power Distance Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a societys level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth: there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplativ e, and not expected by their environment to express emotions. Individualism Individualism on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. On the individualist side, we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after her/himself and her/his immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) that continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word collectivism in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world. Masculinity Masculinity versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) womens values differ less among societies than mens values; (b) mens values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from womens values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to womens values on the other. The assertive pole has been called masculine and the modest, caring pole feminine. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are more assertive and more competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between mens values and womens values. (www.geerthofstede.nl/dimensions-of-national-cultures) Whilst Hofsted’s four dimensions are highly regarded, further research has highlighted other areas that effect intercultural communication and understanding. These include context, language and non-verbal communications. Firstly, it is almost impossible to investigate research into the cross-cultural issues without making mention of Edward Hall’s research in the area; he asserted that cultures are defined by context. (Hansen Lee, pg,30) A person’s behavior can be affected by its cultural context. (Dostine, 2008) From here, he broke context down into low context cultures; these prefer direct verbal interaction with minimal regard to context. Examples include Australia, USA, Germany, Switzerland, and Scandinavian cultures.

longterm nuclear effects :: essays research papers

When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: bla st, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation.

Business Ethics †Discrimination Essay

Discrimination is defined as distinguishing something from something else (i. e. don’t hire him because he has no experience). Unjustified discrimination is distinguishing something from something else on a basis that is not justified (i. e. don’t hire him because he is black). The term discrimination commonly replaces the term unjustified discrimination in business, philosophy, psychology and day-to-day community life. In a just and fair society, such as we Canadians aspire to, a job applicant’s race, ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, orientation, mental ability, or physical condition should not disadvantage them in career choices or job competitions. If a short Asian female firefighter can do the job, she should get the job. Conversely she should not expect to receive concessions that are not available to all; that is in effect also discrimination. Unfortunately, discrimination often arises in business in regards to hiring, job placement, wage, and promotion. Affirmative Action Ideally, discrimination should be of no concern at all; everyone should have an equal opportunity to anything. In a perfect world a hiring manager would not have to think thoughts such as, â€Å"They are disabled, they are women, they are aboriginal,† and would only think, â€Å"This person will be perfect for the job because†¦. † Unfortunately this may never completely happen. For example if a person in a wheelchair applies to be a stock person at Costco and another person who is not in a wheelchair applies for the same position the manager will be debating, â€Å"Should I hire the person who cannot walk because I want to be socially responsible? Or should I hire the person who can walk, who will probably do a better job and who I won’t have to make special accommodations for? † Another example is a man and a woman who are applying to be a nurse on the obstetrics ward; they have both just graduated and have exactly the same experience. If only one position is available who is more likely to be hired? Affirmative action programs often come into place to encourage equal opportunity. Affirmative action refers to policies or rograms that take factors such as; age, sex, race, color or religion and give preferential treatment to people that belong to an identifiable disadvantaged group, or outgroup. Cons Reverse discrimination occurs when preferential treatment is given to one person and the other is left out. For example if a woman is hired to work in an oil patch just because she is a woman and man is not hired (perhaps only because of quota requirements), he will experience reverse discrimination. This may in fact v iolate a province’s human rights code. Some would also argue that it is wrong to place at a disadvantage a current day job applicant in order to attempt to compensate for historical wrong treatment of certain categories of job applicants. Merit may not exist if affirmative action is in place. A situation could arise where an applicant may deserve a job more because he or she has more education and more experience than the hired applicant who is disabled, if the hiring was done only in the interest of a representative workplace. May condescend or offend outgroups because the people belonging to that group don’t believe they need preferential treatment in order to succeed. Affirmative action creates a perception that all racial minorities or physically disabled persons have low self image, poor job marketing skills, missed opportunities, and are in need government regulated assistance. Efficiency may be compromised if a company is forced to hirer a proportionally representative workforce. Instead of hiring the best fitting candidate, companies would be forced to seek out a visible minority or a disabled candidate. This simply is not good business practice. A company should be free to hire the best candidate. Morale and workplace cooperation may be negatively impacted by a person being hired because of affirmative action policies which clearly give special considerations not available to all. The outgroup may develop a sense of entitlement that is not supported by the majority of the workers. Affirmative action may cause a widening of the gap (and an affirmation of bigotry) instead of a diverse and inclusive work force. For example, a white man at a steel factory may think that he got his job because he is qualified for it while being angry that the Asian man only got hired because there were no other Asians working in the plant and the hiring manager did not want to be discriminating. Pros Assistance in obtaining a desired job may be necessary for members of an identifiable disadvantaged group, or outgroup, since discrimination may make it difficult to establish a career. For example, men can be excellent nurses, but if a female hiring officer doesn’t understand or embrace the benefits of diversity, the obstetrics ward would have all female nurses. Another example might be a hair dressing trainee who is in a wheelchair; this applicant may have more obstacles to overcome and more convincing to do with a prospective employer. It is not fair, or just, that these applicants would have to be much better that the â€Å"normal† kind of applicant in order to be desirable to the employer. This â€Å"assistance† is given in affirmative action plans such as requiring employers to choose the disadvantaged applicant when all other skills are equal. Affirmative action makes working in different areas more desirable. Ex, Okanagan College has free introductory welding courses for women only. If colleges did not have these affirmative action programs there would probably be less female welders. This creates an incentive for a member of an outgroup to step forward and be part of the creation of workplace diversity. Affirmative action ensures justice for those who have historically been oppressed. Although hopefully not in Canada, there may still be a stigma attached to those whose ancestors were slaves, lower class, or aboriginal and thus seen as lesser that those with good career jobs. Some people may believe that affirmative action is necessary to change the attitudes of society by mandating a diverse work force. Canada cannot ignore the fact that a few generations ago a person with mental challenges or physical disabilities would not have been offered a position if there was a reasonable candidate who was considered â€Å"normal. † Affirmative action envisions a just work place where everyone is normal because the new normal is diverse and inclusive. Affirmative action encourages a representative work force. If 2% of the community’s population is visually impaired, then in a company of 100 employees, there should be a least two people who have some kind of sight impairment. In Canada, 3% of the population is aboriginal; therefore, there should be three members of a First Nation employed at the above company. A disabled person aged 25 to 44 accounts for 8% of the population. Statistically speaking, the above company, if it were in British Columbia, should have 27 employees who are recent immigrants. With roughly 60% of Canada’s population being Caucasian, all the numbers above would create a representative work force. It could be described as a diverse, dynamic, and exciting place to work; but does it exist? By requiring the inclusion of a representative work force affirmative action will in the long term change attitudes and encourage diversity. Thesis Affirmative action programs are still necessary to ensure equal opportunities in the work place and to encourage diversity, which over time will extinguish discrimination and contribute to a just, fair, and tolerant society. History I believe discrimination stems from history. If a young person learned from parents, schools, or media that women are not good trade workers, they will continue this discrimination for generations. This is what happens in all forms of discrimination because discrimination is learned. Discrimination can be reduced in a society with the influence of laws, education, and incentives. Affirmative action mandates exposure, which with encouragement by supportive government and ethical businesses will result in workplace diversity, and that over time will influence the thinking of society as a whole. Further Discussion: Continue Affirmative Action Dimock and Tucker thoroughly discussed their views on affirmative action policies about how such policies cause problems for employment equity in Canada. Dimock and Tucker did not discuss why such policies may still be necessary and did not thoroughly discuss a solution to discrimination. Their conclusion, while pointing out that affirmative action programs have not met intended goals, does not offer concrete solutions other than education. I disagree that the young should be the only target to ensure against discrimination. Youth can be racist, sexist, and exclusive. That’s why our society has a large problem with bullying. If discrimination is a learned trait, then the youth are learning it from above, and that is precisely the target of affirmative action. I believe affirmative action should still be used to some extent in order to encourage diversification. I think a combination of education and the experience of exposure is more useful that a single target group (such as educating the young). If groups (young, school aged, post secondary, and the work force) are created with diverse and representative participants, the likelihood of all groups beginning to like each other because of repeated exposure is much higher then if they remain separated. Well informed members of society who have personal experience with diversity are the least discriminating for several reasons: †¢They have been educated not be discriminating (from classes like this). †¢They have been put together in groups with all different types of people, and †¢They have become comfortable with that diversity. The result is that they have learned to be less discriminating than their peers or previous generation. For example, a white 18 year old’s great grandparents may have been what is now considered racist toward black people. In the grandparent’s time racism, even segregation, was thought of as perfectly normal, and those views were passed down generation to generation. However, through education and exposure racism was slowly extinguished until we have a grade 12 student who welcomes a new immigrant from Zambia. Instead of being completely racist like his great grandparents the 18 year old now only believes the stereotype that all black people like rap music which he hates. The next generation will (hopefully) not even notice that a black person is in the group. If affirmative action continues it will help the top (the existing generation of employers) meet the bottom (the well informed and accepting job applicant) and the result will be a tolerant, inclusive, and diverse work place. The attitudes of the work place will in time influence society as a whole. Conclusion I was lucky enough to learn about discrimination in both psychology and philosophy class in the same week. Although solutions are not offered in this paper, I believe discrimination can be eliminated through education and diversification. If it were normal to have a representative and diverse â€Å"melting pot† of opportunities and experiences, there would be no need to practice discrimination. Diversification is good. It makes a community tolerant and compassionate; it makes a secure and exciting place to live. Including all groups in all employment opportunities will ultimately create a better society – the melting pot that Canada so prides its identity in. Affirmative action plans ensure that the work place will contribute to this pride.

Global Sourcing Challenge Case Questions Essay

1. Marianna Barner should decline the invitation for IKEA to have a representative appear on the upcoming forecast of the German video program. The producers of the documentary invited them to take part in a live discussion during the airing, and while this offer does sound beneficial for IKEA to educate the public and the producers of the current efforts taken to fight child labor, it would not be in their best interest. This is attributed to the fact that the producers refuse to let IKEA preview the video beforehand and that they are aware that the producers â€Å"planned to take a confrontational and aggressive approach† directly aimed at them. As a result, there is a very high possibility that the representative would then be blindsided with questions and then IKEA’s message of their efforts would not be portrayed accurately. Instead, IKEA should respond to the allegations by releasing their own statement allowing them to explain their efforts once they have had the opportunity to review all evidence and verify the credibility. 2. In regards to the supply contract that IKEA has with Rangan Exports, it would be best if Barner terminates the contract, should sufficient evidence prove that they do indeed use child labor. They stress the importance of taking responsibility for their suppliers, and in the IWAY (IKEA Code of Conduct), it clearly states that they do not accept Child Labourm, otherwise their contract will be terminated. The well-regarded company (Rangan) had signed an addendum that explicitly forbids the use of child labor, so it is important that IKEA upholds their standards and codes in order to maintain a fair position with their other suppliers. It would also be wise for her to then issue a statement or press release about the severed ties with the company, stating the reasons for the decision and maintaining integrity by upholding their own policies regarding child labor, so that the public and other suppliers see that they won’t tolerate unethical behavior or violations to their contra ct. 3. It is suggested that IKEA stays in India and continue operations. The long-term strategy that Barner should take regarding continued operations includes maintaining their code of conduct to uphold their image of being responsible for their suppliers and the environment, while also contributing to an improved quality of life for those in India.

Understanding the Progressive Era

Understanding the Progressive Era It can be difficult for students to understand the relevance of the period we call The Progressive Era because society before this period was very different from the society and the conditions we know today. We often assume that certain things have always been around, like laws about child labor and fire safety standards. If you are researching this era for a project or research paper, you should begin by thinking about the way things were before government and society changed in America. Before the events of the Progressive Era occurred (1890-1920), American society was much different. The federal government had less of an impact on the lives of the citizen than we know today.  For example, there are laws that regulate the quality of food that is sold to American citizens, the wage that is paid to workers, and the work conditions that are endured by American workers. Before the Progressive Era food, living conditions, and employment was different. Children were employed in factoriesWages were low and unregulated (with no wage minimums)Factories were crammed and unsafeNo standards existed for food safetyNo safety net existed for citizens who couldnt find employmentHousing conditions were unregulatedThe environment was not protected by federal regulations The Progressive Movement refers to social and political movements that emerged in response to rapid industrialization from which caused societal ills.  As cities and factories emerged and grew, quality of life declined for many American citizens. Many people worked to change the unjust conditions that existed as a result of the industrial growth that took place during the late 19th century. These early progressives thought that education and government intervention could ease poverty and social injustice. Key People and Events of the Progressive Era In 1886, the American Federation of Labor is founded by Samuel Gompers. This was one of many unions that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century in response to unfair labor practices like long hours, child labor, and dangerous working conditions. Photojournalist Jacob Riis exposes deplorable living conditions in the slums of New York in his book How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York.   Conservation of natural resources becomes a matter of public concern, as the Sierra Club was founded in 1892 by John Muir. Womens Suffrage gains steam when Carrie Chapman Catt becomes president of the National American Womens Suffrage Association.   Theodore Roosevelt becomes president in 1901 after the death of McKinley. Roosevelt was an advocate for trust busting, or the breaking up of powerful monopolies that crushed competitors and controlled prices and wages. The American Socialist Party was established in 1901.   Coal miners strike in Pennsylvania in 1902 to protest their terrible working conditions. In 1906, Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle, which portrayed the deplorable conditions inside the meatpacking industry in Chicago. This led to the establishment of food and drug regulations. In 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, which occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors of a building in New York. Most of the employees were young women aged sixteen to twenty-three, and many on the ninth floor perished because exits and fire escapes were locked and blocked by the company officials. The company was acquitted of any wrongdoing, but the outrage and sympathy from this event prompted legislation concerning  unsafe working conditions. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Keating-Owens Act in 1916, which made it illegal to ship goods across state lines if they were produced by child labor. In 1920, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. Research Topics for The Progressive Era   What was life like for children who worked in factories? How was this different from the work of children who lived on farms?How did views on immigration and race change during the Progressive Era? Did the legislation of this era effect all people, or were certain populations most affected?How do you suppose the trust busting legislation affected business owners? Consider exploring the events of the Progressive Era from the point of view of wealthy industrialists.How did living conditions change for people who moved from the country to the cities during this time period? How were people better off or worse off during the shift from country living to city living?Who were the major figures in the Womens Suffrage movement? How was life impacted for these women who came forward?Explore and compare life in a mill village and life in a coal camp.Why did the concern for environmental issues and natural resource preservation emerge at the same time as concern and awareness for social issues like poverty? How are these topics related? Writers and photojournalists were key figures in Progressive Era reforms. How does their role compare to changes that have taken place due to the emergence of social media?How has the power of the federal government changed since the Progressive Era? How have the powers of individual states changed? What about the power of the individual?How would you compare the changes in society during the Progressive Era to changes in society during and after the Civil War?What is meant by the term progressive? Were the changes that took place during this time period actually progressive? What does the term progressive mean in the current political climate?The Seventeenth Amendment, which allowed for the direct election of US Senators, was ratified in 1913 during the period known as the Progressive Era. How does this reflect the sentiments of this period?There were many setbacks to the Progressive Era movements and campaigns. Who and what created these setbacks, and what were the interests of the parties involved? Prohibition, the constitutional ban on the production and transportation of alcoholic beverages, also took place during the Progressive Era. How and why was alcohol the subject of concern during this period? What was the impact of Prohibition, good and bad, on society?What was the role of the Supreme Court during the Progressive Era?   Further Reading for The Progressive Era Prohibition and Progressive Reform The Fight for Womens Suffrage Muckrakers

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and Its Aftermath

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and Its Aftermath The Great Chicago Fire destroyed a major American city, making it one of the most destructive disasters of the 19th century. A Sunday night blaze in a barn quickly spread, and for approximately 30 hours the flames roared through Chicago, consuming hastily constructed neighborhoods of immigrant housing as well as the citys business district. From the evening of October 8, 1871, until the early hours of Tuesday, October 10, 1871, Chicago was essentially defenseless against the enormous fire.  Thousands of homes were reduced to cinders, along with hotels, department stores, newspapers, and government offices. At least 300 people were killed. The cause of the fire has always been disputed. A local rumor, that Mrs. OLeary’s cow started the blaze by kicking over a lantern is probably not true. But that legend stuck in the public mind and holds fast to this day. What is true is that the fire did start in a barn owned by the OLeary family, and the flames, whipped by strong winds, quickly moved onward from that point. A Long Summer Drought The summer of 1871 was very hot, and the city of Chicago suffered under a brutal drought. From early July to the outbreak of the fire in October less than three inches of rain fell on the city, and most of that was in brief showers. The heat and lack of sustained rainfall put the city in a precarious position as Chicago consisted almost entirely of wooden structures. Lumber was plentiful and cheap in the American Midwest in the mid-1800s, and Chicago was essentially built of timber. Construction regulations and fire codes were widely ignored. Large sections of the city housed poor immigrants in shabbily constructed shanties, and even the houses of more prosperous citizens tended to be made of wood. A sprawling city virtually made of wood drying out in a prolonged drought inspired fears at the time. In early September, a month before the fire, the city’s most prominent newspaper, the Chicago Tribune, criticized the city for being made of â€Å"firetraps,† adding that many structures were â€Å"all sham and shingles.† Part of the problem was that Chicago had grown quickly and had not endured a history of fires. New York City, for instance, which had undergone its own great fire in 1835, had learned to enforce building and fire codes. The Fire Began in OLearys Barn On the night before the great fire, another major fire broke out that was battled by all the city’s fire companies. When that blaze was brought under control it seemed that Chicago had been saved from a major disaster. And then on Sunday night, October 8, 1871, a fire was spotted in a barn owned by an Irish immigrant family named OLeary. Alarms were sounded, and a fire company which had just returned from battling the previous nights fire responded. There was considerable confusion in dispatching other fire companies, and valuable time was lost. Perhaps the fire at the OLeary barn could have been contained if the first company responding had not been exhausted, or if other companies had been dispatched to the correct location. Within a half-hour of the first reports of the fire at OLearys barn, the fire had spread to nearby barns and sheds, and then to a church, which was quickly consumed in flame. At that point, there was no hope of controlling the inferno, and the fire began its destructive march northward toward the heart of Chicago. The legend took hold that the fire had started when a cow being milked by Mrs. OLeary had kicked over a kerosene lantern, igniting hay in the OLeary barn. Years later a newspaper reporter admitted to having made up that story, but to this day the legend of Mrs. OLearys cow endures. The Fire Spread The conditions were perfect for the fire to spread, and once it went beyond the immediate neighborhood of OLearys barn it accelerated quickly. Burning embers landed on furniture factories and grain storage elevators, and soon the blaze began to consume everything in its path. Fire companies tried their best to contain the fire, but when the city’s waterworks were destroyed the battle was over. The only response to the fire was to try to flee, and tens of thousands of Chicagos citizens did. It has been estimated that a quarter of the city’s approximately 330,000 residents took to the streets, carrying what they could in a mad panic. A massive wall of flame 100 feet high advanced through city blocks. Survivors told harrowing stories of strong winds pushed by the fire-spewing burning embers so that it looked as if it was raining fire. By the time the sun rose on Monday morning, large parts of Chicago were already burned to the ground. Wooden buildings had simply disappeared into piles of ash. Sturdier buildings of brick or stone were charred ruins. The fire burned throughout Monday. The inferno was finally dying out when the rain began on Monday evening, finally extinguishing the last of the flames in the early hours of Tuesday. The Aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire The wall of flame that destroyed the center of Chicago leveled a corridor about four miles long and more than a mile wide. The damage to the city was nearly impossible to comprehend. Virtually all government buildings were burned to the ground, as were the newspapers, hotels, and any just about any major business. There were stories that many priceless documents, including letters of  Abraham Lincoln, were lost in the fire. And its believed that original negatives of classic portraits of Lincoln taken by Chicago photographer Alexander Hesler were lost. Approximately 120 bodies were recovered, but it was estimated that more than 300 people died. Its believed that many bodies were entirely consumed by the intense heat. The cost of destroyed property was estimated at $190 million. More than 17,000 buildings were destroyed, and more than 100,000 people were left homeless. News of the fire traveled quickly by telegraph, and within days newspaper artists and photographers descended upon the city, recording the massive scenes of destruction. Chicago Was Rebuilt After the Great Fire Relief efforts were mounted, and the US Army took control of the city, placing it under martial law. Cities in the east sent contributions, and even President Ulysses S. Grant sent $1,000 from his personal funds to the relief effort. While the Great Chicago Fire was one of the major disasters of the 19th century and a profound blow to the city, the city was rebuilt fairly quickly. And with the rebuilding came better construction and much stricter fire codes. Indeed, the bitter lessons of Chicagos destruction affected how other cities were managed. And while the story of Mrs. OLeary and her cow persists, the real culprits were simply a long summer drought and a sprawling city built of wood. Sources Carson, Thomas and Mary R. Bonk.  Chicago Fire of 1871. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History: Vol.1. Detroit: Gale, 1999. 158-160.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Overview of United States Relations With France

Overview of United States Relations With France Americas birth is intertwined with the involvement of France in North America. French explorers and colonies scattered across the continent. French military forces were indispensable for America ´s independence from Great Britain. And the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France launched the United States on a path toward becoming a continental, and then global, power. The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the people of the United States. Prominent Americans such as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison have served as ambassadors or envoys to France. The American Revolution inspired supporters of the French Revolution of 1789. In World War II, U.S. forces were instrumental in freeing France from Nazi occupation. Later in the 20th Century, France drove the creation of the European Union in part to counter U.S. power in the world. In 2003, the relationship was in trouble when France declined to support U.S. plans to invade Iraq. The relationship healed somewhat again with the election of the pro-American ex-president  Nicholas Sarkozy  in 2007. Trade Some three million Americans visit France each year. The United States and France share deep trade and economic relations. Each country is among the others largest trading partners. The most high profile global economic competition between France and the United States is in the commercial aircraft industry. France, through the European Union, supports​ Airbus as a rival to American-owned​ Boeing. Diplomacy On the diplomatic front, both are among the founders of the United Nations, NATO, World Trade Organization, G-8, and a host of other international bodies. The U.S. and France remain as two of only five members of the United Nations Security Council with permanent seats and veto power over all council actions.

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Not sure - Essay Example Almost all organizations conduct an interview before recruiting employees to determine the candidates who are most competent to fit for the vacant position (Townsend 2007, p. 87). Managers use a first interview (screening), an interview conducted either via the phone call or at the office of the employer (Eung 2011, p. 56). This type of interview is brief and usually lasts for 40-60 minutes. During this interview, the interviewing managers will mainly want to know the candidate’s skills and experiences. Most interviewing managers make use of the screening interviews to describe organizational operations as well as the position (Seidman 2006, p. 34). If the managers are impressed by the candidate’s performance at this first interview, they invite the candidate for a second interview. The second interviews are usually longer compared to the first one and may take three hours or even a whole day. This interview involves a variety of interview questions, which are in form of testing. They also involve lunch or dinner, taking the interviewees out for a tour, as well as conducting a series of interviews to different candidates (Macan 2009, p. 14). The purpose of this interview is to make the interviewees to come out with full understanding of the organizational structure, culture, working environment, responsibilities of the job they are applying for, and gain enough know how to decide whether to take the job. Interviewers should choose the form of interviewing that they feel would be most effective. Behavioral interviewing also known as competence interviewing is the most effective form of interviewing used in most organizations. This type of interview requires the interviewee to draw about their experiences and give specific examples that demonstrates his or her competence in the applied post (Sund, Carin & Carin 2008, p. 33). This type of interviewing is more effective than unstructured interviewing in

International business practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International business practice - Essay Example The force of this chronological approach, chiefly, in its enveloping financial dimensions, incessantly disseminate and intensify the inter-reliance attributes that associate communities, financial systems, and regions. It is not possible to locate any nation which is devoid of the cross-boundary flows of business, investment, citizenry, ideologies, and icons (Sumida, 2004). The laws of business are performed at the core of globalization’s transformations for the reason that it provides with and produces the ways in which the transactions and functions that are associated with the globalized business are formed and carried out, and simultaneously, assists in the formation of vicinity in which such transactions take place. There can be noticed widespread development of growingly influential, politically complicated and media confident international, regional, and national non-governmental organizations or the NGOs whose domestic or regional approaches tend to noticeably influenc e particular business projects, operations and administrative control of business procedures and services. There exists a widespread intervention of international economic organizations, chiefly, the World Bank Group and other regional development institutions, in private segment functions and infrastructure projects that are economized by global banking organizations (Sumida, 2004). According to Ohmae, Globalization has eaten away the constraints between domestic as well as global businesses, in the same way as it is changing the behavior of national boundaries setting apart once autonomous nation-states (Ohmae, 1990). This report discusses the factors associated with carrying out an international business, and settle on if at all

Reflection paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection paper 3 - Essay Example It therefore believed the majority of people in the society are not actually what they seem to be from their external observations. The presenter on this subject is so brave to come out in public and ascertain to the society her sexual orientation. Her ability to come forward and inform her family of who she really was is an act of brevity and truthfulness that is not easy to find even among the religious persons. The pain she underwent both physically being seeing her family suffering several losses coupled with emotional pain of having to wait for a while before declaring her sexual orientation if commendable. She was able to overcome the pain of isolation from her sisters for a while as the mother was still figuring out how to deal with her situation. Despite her mothers reluctance to accept her fully she managed to strike a common balance in their relationship and managed to complete her studies, and she got a job at the college. Concerns of homosexual persons in the society are something that has not been received well in the society as a whole. Majority of people in the society still need a lot of civic education in order to understand that these are normal people just like them with different feelings as human beings. Homosexuals must be treated with respect and care just like any other person since they are valuable members of the society just like everyone else. The presenter depicts to us a background that is so telling about the mentally ill people. His presentation is a clear indication that these people need help more than anything else. Without proper understanding of their conditions, they would easily drift off and die suicidal deaths. He portrays the sufferings his mother went through when that condition the unfortunate fate that caught up with him as he was growing up. He is exemplary in his ability to have overcome the odds especially from the first

Two public companies are to be analyzed and compared Essay

Two public companies are to be analyzed and compared - Essay Example The Company has also ventured into the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. It focuses on collections of classic sportswear, sweaters, accessories and shoes,casual wear, dresses, coats, consisting almost of its own branded merchandise(Ross,P 723) in misses, petites, woman's and woman's petite sizes. Its kids section called Talbots Kids concentrates on the assortment of clothing and accessories for infants, toddlers, boys and girls. The adult division, Talbots Mens, caters to needs for men's sportswear and dress furnishings. Additionally, Talbots' customers can also make their purchases online at www.talbots.com. In terms of expansion, the Company acquired has purchased the J. Jill Group, Inc. in May 2006(Irwin, P. 52). As of the first month of 2006, the Company already has 1,083 stores in forty seven states, Canada, the District of Columbia, and the United Kingdom. ... ng three Talbots Woman stores in Canada), 12 Talbots Mens stores, two Talbots Collection stores, and 23 Talbots Outlet stores (including one Outlet store in Canada). The Company distributes 48 million catalogs in one year alone. Talbots Petites, Woman and Kids stores generally measure 2,600, 3,100 and 3,500 gross square feet, respectively. Talbots Accessories and Shoes stores generally measure 1,800 gross square feet. Talbots stores is devoted to selling space (including fitting rooms), with the balance allocated to stockroom and other non-selling space. In some market locations, the Company has created its superstores by placing 2 or more other Talbots' concepts near a Misses store(Meigs, P 376). As of first month of January 2006, there are 127 superstores functioning. Also, Talbots' flagship stores are Misses stores, which are operated to generate awareness of its merchandise in metropolitan locations, including Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, London and Toronto. Furthermore, the Company maximizes Talbots Outlet stores that are separate from its retail stores in order to provide for controlled and effective clearance of store and catalog merchandise remaining from each sale event. During 2005, the direct marketing segment represented approximately 15% of total Company sales, with the Internet channel comprising 42% of direct marketing sales. Stein Mart Inc. Stein Mart is engage in the business of chain retailing. The company is offering the fashion merchandise, service and presentation of a better department or specialty store(Bernstein, P 236). Its business is spread out from California to New York concentrating its focused assortment of merchandise featuring moderate to designer brand-name apparel for women and men, as well as

History through A Geographers Lenses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History through A Geographers Lenses - Essay Example 244). We can take this to mean that modern society began sometime in the late 1800s and early 1900s and last to this day. What made the 19th century a turning point Van Doren further cites (p. 245) the progress resulting from the disruptive technological discoveries that took place, whether "it be new energy sources like oil and electricity, new means of living comforts like electric lights and cheap cast iron stoves, and new devices for communication on both a local and global scale such as the telegraph and the telephone." Several lenses are available to read the history of modern societies from that point on, and what we use will depend on one's point of interest. A student of geography like myself would use as my lenses the three dimensions most appropriate for the task: speed, space, and time. From a geographer's viewpoint, one can see the development of modern society and its history in relation to how human activities affected and was affected by speed, space, and time. ... human interaction by which ideas and information in the form of physical signals like words and actions are exchanged, was limited by space or distance and time. The time it would take for ideas to travel from one point of the globe to another depended on the (rather slow) speed of the carrier of the message, a combination of horses, ships, pigeons, or human runners before Morse discovered the telegraph in the mid-1800s. In some regions like the jungles of the Amazon or the wide plains of America and Europe, messages were carried across limited distances by drums and flags. The effectiveness and efficiency of these modes of communication were limited by distance, the speed of sound, and the sharpness of hearing and sight. Prior to the discovery of the telegraph, sharing and receiving information and then taking action or giving feedback took a long time, which accounted for the slow pace of development of human history that is the result of the interaction of human activities. The telegraph changed all that by accelerating the exchange of information and increasing the pace of human interaction and, in its turn, the amount of human activity. What resulted was a snowballing of social consequences that gathered in size and the power to effect change. The telegraph reduced space because it made human interaction across great distances possible, allowing people across the continents hundreds or thousands of miles apart to communicate and to initiate appropriate action. It also reduced time in a radical way, because by speeding up the exchange of information, it was possible to undertake human action sooner instead of wasting time while waiting for information and feedback to come. However, the telegraph had one major drawback: information in the form of messages had

Two public companies are to be analyzed and compared Essay

Two public companies are to be analyzed and compared - Essay Example The Company has also ventured into the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. It focuses on collections of classic sportswear, sweaters, accessories and shoes,casual wear, dresses, coats, consisting almost of its own branded merchandise(Ross,P 723) in misses, petites, woman's and woman's petite sizes. Its kids section called Talbots Kids concentrates on the assortment of clothing and accessories for infants, toddlers, boys and girls. The adult division, Talbots Mens, caters to needs for men's sportswear and dress furnishings. Additionally, Talbots' customers can also make their purchases online at www.talbots.com. In terms of expansion, the Company acquired has purchased the J. Jill Group, Inc. in May 2006(Irwin, P. 52). As of the first month of 2006, the Company already has 1,083 stores in forty seven states, Canada, the District of Columbia, and the United Kingdom. ... ng three Talbots Woman stores in Canada), 12 Talbots Mens stores, two Talbots Collection stores, and 23 Talbots Outlet stores (including one Outlet store in Canada). The Company distributes 48 million catalogs in one year alone. Talbots Petites, Woman and Kids stores generally measure 2,600, 3,100 and 3,500 gross square feet, respectively. Talbots Accessories and Shoes stores generally measure 1,800 gross square feet. Talbots stores is devoted to selling space (including fitting rooms), with the balance allocated to stockroom and other non-selling space. In some market locations, the Company has created its superstores by placing 2 or more other Talbots' concepts near a Misses store(Meigs, P 376). As of first month of January 2006, there are 127 superstores functioning. Also, Talbots' flagship stores are Misses stores, which are operated to generate awareness of its merchandise in metropolitan locations, including Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, London and Toronto. Furthermore, the Company maximizes Talbots Outlet stores that are separate from its retail stores in order to provide for controlled and effective clearance of store and catalog merchandise remaining from each sale event. During 2005, the direct marketing segment represented approximately 15% of total Company sales, with the Internet channel comprising 42% of direct marketing sales. Stein Mart Inc. Stein Mart is engage in the business of chain retailing. The company is offering the fashion merchandise, service and presentation of a better department or specialty store(Bernstein, P 236). Its business is spread out from California to New York concentrating its focused assortment of merchandise featuring moderate to designer brand-name apparel for women and men, as well as

Interview Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview Questions - Assignment Example Applied Interview Questions The research initiative developed five interview questions that it administered to four individuals within the stated age groups. The following five questions were used, Who is your best friend? Why? Is it fair to judge people? Is it good to express anger? Does God really exist? At what age should people get married? Summary of Each Child’s Developmental Status Preschooler The child, at this stage, has not developed strong cognitive ability and is significantly immature as compared to an adult, with respect to reasoning. Thoughts appear to be specific, restricted, and offered only one at a time. At the same time, the child cannot connect occurrences with their causes to explain causal relationships. Even though members of the group can identify observations such as in nature, they still do not know what drives such occurrences. They also offer personalized responses to questions. In the interview, for instance, the child could identify her best frie nd but the reason for such friendship is misunderstood. This is because their often plays are a consequent of their closeness and not vice versa. The answer with respect to judgment also expresses the level of cognitive ability, as the child seems to have answered the question without considering factors around actions that might have lead to subject situations. Based on the response, the child thinks that people should be judged simply because of their involvement in an act without considering factors towards such actions. The same argument applies to the child’s response with respect to anger to mean that as long as people have emotions, they are free to express them without considering the emotions’ possible impacts. This is also observed in the other questions (Tuckman & Monetti, 2010). Elementary School Student A child’s development ability is more advanced at this stage and a higher level of reasoning is demonstrated. Even though much of the child’s thoughts are still self-centered, there is application of trial and error in application of logical reasoning. Operational reasoning towards comparability is, however, less developed within the age group who may miss rationality on value measurements. Results of the interview questions reflect the difference between the preschooler and the elementary school pupil. The child’s reason for his best friendship is for example more rational that that of the preschooler as it identifies a mutual relationship besides offer from the friend as a driver. Even though the response to the judgment question was not accompanied by the interviewee’s reason, the child’s opinion that it is not fair to judge people shows some rationality towards social and environmental factors that may force people into adverse actions. The other responses correspond to those offered by the preschooler and indicates that the two groups are close to each other in terms of cognitive development (Tu ckman & Monetti, 2010). Middle School Level Child The child at the middle level school has developed more ability that the previous two groups. The group can adequately apply rationale in comparing objects’ values, a property that was lacking in the preschooler and the elementary school children. The child has also, at this stage, developed operational abilities and

Understanding of Pain and Suffering Essay Example for Free

Understanding of Pain and Suffering Essay Everyone has a different perception of pain and what it means to one’s state of health. Pain can be physical or psychological; it can also be acute of chronic. All pains and aches are a maker of some type of suffering. My understanding of pain and suffering mainly comes from previous experiences of from my own state of discomfort and also from observation of patients at work. After reading book titled â€Å"The Anatomy of Hope† by Dr. Jerome Goodman, I realized how little I really knew about pain and suffering. This lecture contains many stories of the prevalence of pain for patients during the course of illness. In having studied these readings, a newfound understanding of how pain works in the lives of people who are struggling with health concerns has helped to illuminate how I can be a better health service provider. Helping patients to find internal hope and faith can aid them in their struggle for health and improved quality of life. In one of the chapters entitled, â€Å"The Right to Hope†, the author talks about his colleague, George Griffin, a specialist in treating stomach cancer who ironically gets diagnosed with a terminal case of stomach cancer. Against the odds, George undergoes intensive and painful treatments in order to fight the deadly disease. As a physician, George had knowledge about the severity of this condition, but as a human, he wanted to live. As a result of his determination, he gathered all of his strength and pushed himself through intense chemotherapy as well as suffering during recovery from the painful surgery. I think George’s view that â€Å"all of us have natural fear of death, but his belief in God and in afterlife assuaged it† played an important role in his decision to undergo the treatment (Groopman, 62). His will to live, faith in life, and struggle for what is good and healthy was an extremely powerful aspect of his own treatment, and I commend him for enlightening others about the powerful gift of spiritual faith and hope. George survived, yet he endured a lot of pain and suffering along the way. Furthermore, George wanted to prove that there is always â€Å"inherent of the uncertainty in the behavior of even the worst diseases†. By working through his own illness, he disproved the negative prognoses by his own strength and willpower. Also, he wanted to â€Å"spark hope that went beyond clinical truth† (Groopman, 78). George’s battle with cancer taught me that perhaps it is more difficult to beat the odds if they are familiar to a person, but in the end heritage and faith can go beyond clinical expertise and assist someone in the fight for life. George won his battle with cancer but he proved that it is worth it to have hope under even the most extreme circumstances and it is part of the human spirit to let miracles happen (Groopman, 81). Another valuable story which assisted me in understanding the terms of pain and suffering when a patient is initially resistant in the struggle for hope is also written by Dr. Groopman and is entitled â€Å"Step by Step†. The reading is about a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patient named Dan. He refuses all the treatment and does not want to have hope in his cure. We find out later in the story that Dan based his decision on personal experience from the past when his veteran friend lost battle to cancer in spite of all the pain, suffering, and struggling he endured during his stay in ICU. Dan did not have medical knowledge and he did not want to undergo the same suffering and complications as his friend who eventually died. As time is running out, Dan’s symptoms tend to worsen, illustrating the patient’s hopeless experience of illness, not just the biology of the disease (Groopman, 93). Things change for Dan when Dr. Groopman changes his approach and tries hard to lessen Dan’s fear. He presents him realistic outcomes and knowledge about the treatments. I think he did marvelous job by telling Dan that everyone reacts to treatments differently, allowing Dan the chance to hope, increasing his faith and supporting the possibility of recovery. Eventually, Dan accepts treatment in steps as part of bargain and notices improvement. I think that Dan suffered in watching his friend fight and die, so he did not want to have false hope and fail. However, the support of a good health provider can assist even the most resistant patient in finding internal hope and strength, the personal power to fight an illness. I learned from those two stories that it is how we approach the subject of pain and suffering which can either strengthen or weaken a person. Constructive and positive interaction can work wonders in helping to dissolve destructive and negative thinking, helping to increase the chances of success and the alleviating pain and suffering. I also learned that the way we understand a concept can be altered by many factors, for example like in Dan’s case previous negative of experience. Seeing suffering and death and the failure of treatments can instill a sense of fear and hopelessness in a person, however, it is important to note that fear and hopelessness will not be helpful to anyone. George’s story was going against the odds and accepting pain and suffering as part of the journey. In my opinion, a healthcare provider can’t always just focus on the clinical presentations, one has to explore deeper into a people’s souls to what really troubles them, what can possible cause a delay in recovery, and help the person to find a reliable source of strength.

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay Dialogue has been recognized as the most notable example of Western literature by Plato since 428/427 BC 348/347 BC;. In Greek and Indian literature, particularly the ancient art of rhetoric, it is historically origins as narrative, philosophical or educational device. The dialogue has been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and mathematics. Dialogue (the Greek DIA for through and logos for word) can be defined to include numerous communicative acts includes conversation, talk, communication, interchange, discourse, argument, chat, gossip, colloquy, as well as discussion, debate, exchange of views, head-to-head, consultation, conference, meeting, interview, question and answer session, and negotiations (New Oxford Thesaurus of English 2000). Dialogic learning can occur in any educational situation and contains an important potential for social transformation.  [2]  Various contributions to Dialogic learning has been developed on many perspectives and disciplines such as, P. Freire, 1970 on the theory of Dialogic action, G. Wells, 1999 looking for the Dialogic inquiry approach, J. Habermas, 1984 with the theory of communicative action, M. Bakhtin, 1981, the notion of Dialogic imagination, and Soler, 2004, the dialogical self. Among those, there are many more contemporary authors on Dialogic conceptions, J. Mezirow, 1990, 1991, 2000 transformative learning theory, M. Fielding 2001, students as radical agents of change, T. Koschmann, 1999 emphasizes the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as the basis of education, Anne C. Hargrave, 2000 shows that children in Dialogic-learning in vocabulary. Specifically, the concept of Dialogic learning (Flecha, 2000)  [3]  evolved from the investigation and observation of how people learn both outside and inside of schools, when acting and learning freely is allowed. The theory The concept of Dialogic learning is not new. In the book Mind and Society, 1962, Vygotsky argued that children learn how to use planning function of their language effectively and their psychological field changes fundamentally. He argued that a child begins to master his surroundings with the help of speech prior to mastering his own behavior. He claimed that the creation of these unique human forms of behavior which eventually produced the intellectual productive work with the use of tools. This was described in his observations of children in an experimental situation showed that children not only act in attempting to achieve a goal but also speak. This speech arose spontaneously and continued almost without interruption throughout the experiment. He claimed that it seems that both natural and necessary for children to speak while they act. Respectively, Vygotsky drew the same kind of distinction between the spontaneous concept of everyday learning and the scientific concept of th e classroom.  [4]  Vygotsky, 1962 argues that the inception of a spontaneous concept can usually be traced to a face-to-face meeting with a concrete situation, while a scientific concept involves from the first a mediated attitude towards it object. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (1921-1997), 1970 theory of Dialogic action 1921 -1997 was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of critical pedagogy.  [5]  He was an educationist known for developing popular education; he puts dialogue as a type of pedagogy.  [6]  Freire argued that dialogue as a means of democratizing education (Freire 1972, 1999). Dialogue communication allowed students and teachers to learn from one another in an environment characterized by respect and equality. He advocates himself to support suppressed people with their performance or application of skills that is informed and linked to their values, by performing and applying their skills in order to make pedagogy for a more deepening understanding and making positive changes to them. He states that human nature is Dialogic, and he believes that communication has a leading role in peoples life. Dialogue is a claim in favor of the democratic choice of educators and learners. The goal of the Dialogic action is always to reveal the truth interacting with others and the world. He claimed that we are continually in dialogue with others and it is in that process that we create and recreate ourselves. Besides, in order to promote free and critical learning, he insists that we should create the conditions for dialogue that encourages the epistemological curiosity of the learner. The Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language, Mikhail M. Bakhtin, 1981, distinguishes the notion of Dialogic imagination. He has theorized dialogue in emphasizing the power of discourse to increase understanding of multiple perspectives and create myriad possibilities.  [7]  Bakhtin argued that dialogue creates a new understanding of a situation that demands change as relationships and connections exist among all living beings.  [8]  His concept of dialogism states a relation between language, interaction, and social transformation. Holquist, 1990 described Bakhtins writings on dialogicality are profound and represent a substantive shift from prevailing views on the nature of language and knowledge  [9]  . Bakhtin established that there is a need of creating meanings in a Dialogic way with other people.  [10]  He believed that individual does not exist outside dialogue. The conc ept of dialogue itself establishes the existence of the other person. It is through dialogue that the other cannot be silenced or excluded. Bakhtin claimed that meanings are created in the processes of reflection between people. He describes, we use the same meanings later in conversations with others, where those meanings get better and even change as we obtain new meanings. Therefore, when we talk, we learn something. In this sense, every time that we talk about something that we have read about, seen or felt; we are actually reflecting the dialogues we have had with others, showing the meanings that we have created in the previous dialogues with others. That said, dialogue cannot be separated from the perspectives of others: learning derives from here with the individual speech and the collective one is deeply related to ones life. Bakhtin asserts that talks is a chain of dialogues, he points that every dialogue results from a previous one and, at the same time, every new dialogu e are going to be presented in future ones. Fitz Simons, G. (1994)  [11]  the learning communities, an educational project which seeks social and cultural transformation of educational centers and their surroundings through Dialogic learning, emphasizing egalitarian dialogue among all community members, including teaching staff, students, families, entities, and volunteers. Fitz Simons points out: The need to establish an atmosphere of mutual respect and a feeling of community in which adult learners are encouraged to be independent learners and to share their expertise (p. 24-25, 1994) Dialogic Learning Fletcher, 2000 looks at the concept of Dialogic learning evolved from the investigation and observation of how people learn both outside and inside of schools, when learning and acting freely is allowed. She describes open dialogue which derived from the perspective of Freire, 1997 involvement of all members of the community the learning communities as research shows that learning process take place in different spaces of the learners life regardless of the learners age, and including the teaching staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities. The recognition and respect of different types of knowledge raise the awareness that each person has something to share, something different and equally important. Therefore, the wider the diversity of voices engaged in open dialogue, the better the knowledge that can be dialogically constructed. Fletcha puts as [Dialogic learning] lead to the transformation of education centers into learning communities where all the people and groups involved enter into relationships with each other. In this way, the environment is transformed, creating new cognitive development and greater social and educational equality. (p. 24) Edward and Mercer, 1987 emphasize that the dialogue concept is ground rules of conversation because it operates as implicit sets of rules for behaving in particular kinds of situation which participants usually take for granted  [12]  . (Edward and Mercer, 1987) In 2007, Mercer and Littletons argues that talk is not just the mediating means for supporting individual development, but rather that ways of thinking are embedded in ways of using language. This talk is more emphasized on as a valuable, social mode of thinking, not just learning. They argue that learners engage and interact with others may have a profound and enduring impact on their skill and intellectual development.  [13]  They further argue that learning and development are two terms that related and have both been used in a great deal. Learning is often in the company of teaching. These two words are required to call upon the kinds of cognitive and intellectual changes in childrens learning. He asserts that lea rning is normally associated with the gaining of knowledge and the acquisition of some fact or skill. It invokes ideas of some sort of growth, the emergence of a new entity and the arrival of a new state of affairs. A contributor to Mercer and Littleton, Chris Watkins, 2003 (A scholar in education and learning) has distinguished three influential conceptions of learning: Learning is being taught, learning is the individual sense making, learning is building knowledge with others.  [14]   Harry Daniel 2001 claims that classroom talk or dialogue mediates not just teaching and learning but also the wider culture.  [15]  He claims that humans are seen as creatures who have a unique capacity for communication and whose lives are normally led within groups, communities and societies based on shared ways of using language, ways of thinking, social practices and tools for getting things done. Daniels emphasizes that such talk, must not be regarded as simple interaction, but narrowly regarded and bounded by the immediacy of the learning task in hand. Similarly, the Dialogic inquiry approach by Gordon Wells, 1999  [16]  , Wells argues that classroom dialogue has been proposed as a method of introducing critical education (Wells 1999, Alrà ¸ Skovsmose 2002) Dialogic inquiry is an educational approach that acknowledges the dialectic relationship between the individual and the society, and an attitude for acquiring knowledge through communicative interactions. Wells points out that the predisposition for Dialogic inquiry depends on the characteristics of the learning environments, and that is why it is important to reorganize them into contexts for collaborative action and interaction. Wells defines inquiry not as a method but as a predisposition for questioning, trying to understand situations collaborating with others with the objective of finding answers. Wells further argues that Dialogic inquiry not only enriches individuals knowledge but also transforms it, ensuring the survival of different cultures and their capacity to transform themselves according to the requirements of every social moment. Wells claims that Dialogic inquiry not only enriches individuals knowledge but also transforms it, ensuring the survival of different cultures and their capacity to transform themselves according to the requirements of every social moment. Education is seen as a Dialogic process, with students and teachers working together within settings that reflect the values and social practices of schools as cultural institutions. Alrà ¸ Skovsmose, 2002 relate dialogue to the learning process by attribute three essential properties to the notion of dialogue; making an inquiry, running a risk and maintaining equality.  [17]  These essential properties must be characteristic of the scene of interaction in order for a learning dialogue to occur. Making an inquiry means learner exploring what he does not yet know and sharing the desire to gain new experiences. For an inquiry to be Dialogic it must be open to participants bringing their own perspectives rooted in their backgrounds into the inquiry. Learners must also be willing to suspend their own perspectives in order to consider the perspectives of others and in articulating these perspectives new and more insightful perspectives might come into view. For that reason, Dialogic is running a risk in the ambiguity and uncertainty of the dialogue process. Learners to a dialogue propose other peoples perspectives, however navigating in a landscape of investigation means that there are no pre-established answers to up-and-coming questions. Therefore dialogue includes risk-taking both in an epistemological and an emotional sense. In other words learners to a dialogue will be challenged on their knowledge as well as their emotions. In order for participants to remain in the Dialogic process it must be ensured that the uncertainty never appears too uncomfortable. They claim that dialogue could then maintain equality by suggesting that learners are engaged at a level of parity. Parity in this sense does not equal sameness but rather fairness. Learners may enter the dialogue in different capacities and being equal thus comes to depend on the ability of learners to embrace and accept diversity (Alrà ¸ Skovsmose, 2002). After years of research conducted in several countries; India, USA, France, Italy and England with a team of researchers, Robin Alexander 2004  [18]  has put talk as the prominent element for effective thinking and learning requirement for children. He has distinguished talk for a distinctive pedagogical approach called Dialogic teaching. He argues that language and thought are intimately related, and the extent and manner of childrens cognitive development depend to a considerable degree on the forms and contexts of language which they have encountered and used. This new approach demands both pupil engagement and teacher intervention by which pupils actively engage and teachers constructively intervene is through talk. Dialogue and Higher level of Education For higher educational level, Diana Laurillard, 2002 puts a Dialogic learning framework as Conversational Framework. This framework supports various media forms such as narrative, interactive, adaptive, communicative and productive. The idea of a conversational framework, is used to define the learning process for higher education and then to interpret the extent to which new technology can support and enhance high level conceptual learning. She describes that learning must be discursive and the teacher should be associating teaching and learning process with the world. Laurillard asserts that learning technologies must achieve their full potential for transforming learning experience. Laurillard argues that the academics; Universities, Institutions, colleges, schools etc. Should begin with an understanding of how students learn, and they should design and use the Conversational Framework and the learning technologies from this standpoint to familiarize a better learning strategy for university teaching. Laurillards idea is hardly new as she quoted Paul Ramsdens statement that teaching is a sort of conversation. Respectively, Kolbs learning cycle (Kolb, 1984) states that learning occurs through an iterative cycle of experience followed by feedback, then reflected on to be used as revised action  [19]  . Gordon Pask, 1976 formalized the idea of learning as a conversation in conversation theory. This theory lays out the separation of description and model-building behaviors, and the definition of understanding as determined by two levels of agreement (Ibid. 22)  [20]  . This describes the characteristic of the teaching learning process is iterative conversation. Besides classroom education, dialogue education is described as an approach to adult education by educator, Jane Vella in the 1980s. This approach to education draws on various adult learning theories, including those of Paulo Freire, Kurt Lewin, Malcolm Knowles and Benjamin Bloom (Global Learning Partners, 2006b; Vella, 2004). It is a synthesis of these abstract theories into principles and practices that can be applied in a concrete way to learning design and facilitation. Dialogue education is a form of Constructivism and can be a means for Transformative learning, (Vella, 2004). Dialogue education shifts the focus of education from what the teacher says to what the learner does, from learner passivity to learners as active participants in the dialogue that leads to learning (Global Learning Partners, 2006c). A dialogue approach to education views learners as subjects in their own learning and honors central principles such as mutual respect and open communication (Vella, 2002). L earners are invited to actively engage with the content being learned rather than being dependent on the educator for learning. Ideas are presented to learners as open questions to be reflected on and integrated into the learners own context (Vella, 2004). The intent is that this will result in more meaningful learning. Conclusion Significantly dialogue and learning are two terms that cant stand by its own without the others presence. It is now that the responsibility of this study to examine dialogue and learning to a further course of current new media mobile technology. How does children making use of mobile devices in the world of mobile technology in this transformation age of environment? How does learning then develop from these technologies? Why does a child today communicate so much with technology? That said my hypothesis that the new media mobile technology has potential in facilitating the process of childrens learning development. Do these technologies provide learning tools which are able to provide significant knowledge development? Besides, Vygotsky and Vygotskian theory claimed that the learning tools are some kind of childrens higher psychological functions of making his or her interactions to their social and moral development. As we all knew, these dialogues are being created, learned and u sed by our children tremendously without our awareness day to day in their world of communications in interactive mobile technologies. These dialogues and learning are integrated with their handheld gadgets, computers and software, learning materials, playing the games in the virtual world. With the existence of other features; design, audio and video, photography, colors, fonts, information, and programming language navigating them throughout the lessons and programs. Our children or learners and members jointly produce Dialogic knowledge and participate in the definition of actions that lead to social and educational change. Therefore, this research sees dialogue and learning associates to the notion of Bakhtin dialogicality as dialogue represents this senses where it mediates the new media that our children to listen and watch. These dialogues can take numerous other forms such as: less structured, more informal and more participatory than interviews or discussion groups, e.g. By encouraging participants to set the agenda for discussion and for the researcher to take an active role in the discussion rather than only the role as a listener. This approach will grant participants to the dialogue a sense of equality and the freedom to bring into the dialogue whichever topic they deem relevant. Inviting research participants in the interpretation process simultaneously embrace a Dialogic epistemology recognizing the value of negotiating, reflecting and interpreting with the goal of mutual understanding and relationship building. Therefore, in this study we need to narrow our understanding of dialogue and address the question of the contribution of dialogue in the interactive mobile technologies in the childrens psychological learning development. In the learning communities, it is fundamentally the involvement o f all members of the community because, as research shows, learning processes, regardless of the learners age, and including the teaching staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities that take place in different spaces of the learners life, like school, home, and workplace, then only on interactions and activities developed in spaces of formal learning, such as classrooms. Along these lines, the learning communities project aims at multiplying learning contexts and interactions with the objective of all participants reaching higher levels of development (Vygotsky, 1978)  [21]  .

An Analysis of Frank Kafkas The Metamorphosis :: Kafka Metamorphosis Essays

An Analysis of Frank Kafka's The Metamorphosis In the metamorphosis by Frank Kafka, there are significant actions and transformations which make the story sad, and strange with a happy ending. Explanations that are dramatic events that intensify the excitement of all these actions. Reality and refection play and important role in this story because the events that happened could be applied and assimilated with modern society. the story is very sad and realistic, some of the things tha are related in Kafka's story can be found in modern families today. Gregor was a man who sacrifies himself working to pay his father's debts, instead off on his own where he could prospered. Gregor never was recognized by his family of all the efforts that he did, he was taken for granted and he was expected to support the family but never considering what his needs and wants might be. When Gregor became a bug, that was the moment when they started to see how important Gregor was financially. As a result his mother, father and sister had to work together, in order support themselves. This could be applied in the real world when people do not really recognize anyone's values or good actions. Sometimes when it is too late is that people start to appreciate, but in Kafka's story Gregor never was aprreciate by anyone. In his transformations, Gregor was rejected by his family like a sick or invalid relative instead of working that much harder to make him well or accepted. They began to ignore him and hide him out of shame. this is exactly what happens in reality when sick people becomes really ill. At the beggining some people starts to feel sorry and they take care of these ill people. Later on, these people become a burden on them. this make the whole Gregor family be against him. Gregor's mother and sister used to clean the room at the beggining. but no at the end. They felt that cleaning out Gregor's room would make him feel happy, or might help him. But they really hurt him. It is painful for someone you loved if you took everything from them. It would make them feel isolated , unwanted and unloved. Gregor had a crappy, thankless job, and even though it was difficult, he was despised and scrutinized by his coworkers, making the job that much more unpleasnat. gregor was such a isolated and poor person that he cut the picture of the lady with the fur or a magazine to hang on the wall, to remind him of better things.

Marvin’s Room Essay

Today I will be telling you about â€Å"Marvin’s Room† a play that was just performing in our WLC Theater this past weekend. The play was one of the best and interesting plays that I have ever seen but at the same time emotional and I will explain. â€Å"Marvin’s Room† was a story of a girl, who had cancer and needed a bone marrow transplant in order to survive. So her family came to visit her to see if they had a match and they didn’t. I learned a lot from this play and it made me look at life differently. I feel that this play can really change a lot of people’s state of mind because when it comes to life and death situations that change your whole view. You never know what can come along and change a person’s life. I really enjoyed the play all together because I saw how unique some people are in the preforming arts department at Wisconsin Lutheran College. I also like the way they let the students be their self and let them use some words that we use in everyday life when we’re angry. On top of that I could also tell that the students really enjoyed what they’re doing when they’re out on the stage in front of a big crowd and don’t get stage fright. I’m not much of a theater guy and not much into watching plays or musical plays either but I can say that this one really caught my eye. Last but not least, when you sit and watch a play this serious and a play that is so good and so well performed, it really get your mind thinking about life in this world when you have to depend on the Lord and your family.

Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Essay

Week three assignment was to evaluate arguments from scenarios in the applications list 12.2 (a.-y.) at the end of Ch. 12 in The Art of Thinking using the 4-stepm process while explaining the assessment and adding an alternative argumentation where need be. I will begin with the premise that â€Å"Power must be evil because it can corrupt people† which is in exercise j. Step one, I would verify that the argument was stated clear and complete for any hidden premises. The argument did not hold the water once checked for errors affecting the truth although it seemed to have past the first obstacle. Due to the many previous individuals throughout history who had power and were never corrupted proves that the argued statement â€Å"power corrupts all people† is not true. I believe that â€Å"power may be considered evil if put into the wrong hands† would be a more valid argument. The argument failed on several objectives once the reasoning’s that linked conclusions to premises determined whether the conclusion is illegitimate or legitimate and validity errors are considered during the evaluation process in step three. Questions such as â€Å"How corrupt do an individual have to become before considered evil?† need to be answered when revising the statement. Individuals who have done corrupt things still does not label them as evil. One may ask what would be considered evil or what would be acceptable or unacceptable but yet still not categorized as evil? So with picking that statement apart and showing all the flaws it is only best to move on to a different argument and throw this one out. Evil is defined as  some type of supernatural force or profound immorality and powers used for evil purposes will have evil results. So that tells you that if power is in the right hands there will be good results. Second Argument- N Exercise n will be the last argument which states, â€Å"Nuclear power is a threat to world peace.† Nuclear power is generated by nuclear energy stations which makes the statement not true. The hidden premise process and verifying that the statement was complete and clear was the first step done. Checking for errors affecting the truth was the next step. Just reading the statement as is, â€Å"Nuclear power is a threat to world peace†, is written falsely. It should read â€Å"Nuclear power is a threat to world peace if used as a weapon.† Fossil energy is a positive way to use nuclear energy which makes the original statement false. Next we will examine the reasoning that link conclusions to premises and check for validity errors. Nuclear power is a threat to world peace is the premise and I verified that the statement was false. Once I inserted â€Å"if used as a weapon† the statement is now more defendable. So rewriting the statement using â€Å"if used as a weapon† has changed everything and has made it a qualifying statement. Most nuclear energy is used to produce clean energy and is not a threat to world peace unless it is used to produce weapons. The statement â€Å"Nuclear power is a threat to world peace† had to be rewritten to state â€Å"Nuclear power is a threat to world peace if used as a weapon.† Alternative energy sources are generated by most nuclear energy stations and are no threat to the world peace. Third Argument- R â€Å"If the Social Security system is further weakened, the elderly will have to fear poverty† is my next argument which is exercise r in the evaluating for truth and validity. So therefore the elderly would not have to fear poverty if the Social Security system is not weakened. The statement passed once it was checked to be sure if it was a clear and complete statement and for  hidden premises so I moved on to checking for errors affecting the truth which was the next step. In this process I found the statement to be untrue due to not all elderly individuals rely on Social Security. There are several reasons one may be poverty level, one is making poor financial decisions which is also considered as mismanaging funds. This makes the statement false and untrue. If the statement read â€Å"The elder who depends on Social Security will have to fear poverty if the system is further weakened†, it would be more defensible. So therefore, those same elderly individuals would not have to fear poverty if the Social Security system is not further weakened. The final step can be derived from the premise to determine if there is a legitimate assumption and to check the argument for validity errors. The revised final statement is more defensible with the assumption that the elderly who depends on Social Security will be faced with poverty if the program is weakened. Step four process states that it’s best to embrace a different argument and abandon the old one if too many flaws are found in the one being evaluated which was done in each scenario to complete the process. References Ruggiero, V.R. (2012). The art of thinking. A guide to critical and creative thought (10th ed.). : Pearson Education

Financial Reporting and its Regulatory Framework

Fiscal Reporting and its Regulatory Model Fiscal Statements have been developed and published by both ASB and IASB to supply information about the public presentation and alterations in fiscal place of an organisation which is required for economic determinations by a broad scope of people. Decisions are made by different stakeholders of a concern. Each stakeholder has its ain peculiar demand for doing a determination based on the fiscal statement’s representation. The chief aim for fiscal statements is to do the stakeholders understand about the fiscal place of the concern before any determinations to be undertaken. There are two types of stakeholders related to a concern:Internal StakeholdersExternal StakeholdersINTERNAL Stakeholders consists on the company’sSenior Managementsuch as Directors, CEO, Owners and Shareholders. Besides senior direction, there areManagement degreeemployees such as Directors and Executive Directors and in conclusion theFunctional degreeemployees such as Workers. Each degree of employee has its single point of involvement on the fiscal statements.Stockholdersof a company seek for efficiency and effectual operations in the organisation. Their point of involvements is on net incomes, assets and equity. They use the Financial State ments to place the hazards of their investing in the company to do investing determinations based on their analysis and besides the return they are having from old investings.Directorsof a company assess fiscal statements to pull off day-to-day intimacies and operations in the organisation. They seek for company net incomes and disbursals to guarantee a consistent and effectual operation so that the concern can use its resources efficaciously. This analysis helps them to understand the effectivity of their old determinations and these will finally act upon future determinations.Functional degree employeesof an organisation have their point of involvement on the fiscal statement for their occupation security and future wage. Before their ain satisfaction, the employees seek information about the entity’s ability to pay their wages and rewards and supply incentive compensation and retirement and other benefits. EXTERNAL Stakeholders consists of providers, clients, equity investors, possible investors, revenue enhancement governments, public, Government bureaus, rivals, public etc.Suppliersdemand to measure the recognition worthiness of the organisation to do certain if it is safe to provide the goods on recognition. They need to cognize the organisations ability to pay the credits by analysing the organization’s fiscal statement. They are interested in the company’s liquidness. Liquidity is critical for the endurance of a concern. A concern that is non liquid may be forced into bankruptcy by its creditors. Once belly-up, a concern may be forced by the tribunals to halt its operations, sell its assets and stop its being.Customersdemand to guarantee that organisation have the resources to keep a steady supply the goods particularly when they have a long-run engagement with the company in the hereafter. They need the fiscal statements of the company to guarantee that the company is a unafraid beginning of supply.Equity investorsnecessitate the company’s fiscal statements to guarantee that the company is capable of involvement payments and refund of adoptions as the concern is their beginning of hard currency influx. Through the company’s fiscal statements, they compute the possible current fiscal wellness of the company to cipher the possibility of a bad loan. They are chiefly interested in the company’s ability of bring forthing more favourable hard currency flows as they take peculiar determinations on the sums, timing, and uncertainnesss of future hard currency flows.Potential investorsseek fiscal statements to look into whether or non to put in the company. They foresee future dividends on the footing of Net incomes which are shown in the statements. For illustration if the old statements shows high fluctuations in the net incomes, therefore it is notified as excessively hazardous to put. This is how possible investors foresee the f uture fiscal wellness of the company and takes determinations based on those fiscal statements.Tax governmentsand theGovernmentseek fiscal statements to repair upon the truth of revenue enhancement declared in the revenue enhancement returns, revenue enhancement policies and keeping standard national income and other similar statistics. They assess the fiscal statements to measure the concern and the assorted ways the company is responsible for effectual allotment of economic resources.Rivalsmeasure the fiscal statements to measure public presentation degree between them in the market and to plan new schemes to increase the fight between them.Fiscal advisersmeasure the company’s fiscal statements to garner information about the company’s fiscal wellness, liabilities, assets etc. Based on that information, the advisers ushers or assists the company to take determinations such as doing more investings, purchasing new portions, loans etc. Company statute law is the jurisprudence under which the company’s formation, enrollment or incorporation, administration, and disintegration administered or controlled. The memoranda of association is a papers that contains the basic regulations for the formation and activities of a company. It is the basic papers that sets out how the company is traveling to be and what work will be done. The intent of the memoranda is to let members of the company, its creditors, and the populace to cognize what their powers are and what the range of their activities. The memoranda contains regulations associating to the capital construction, the liabilities of the members, the aims of the company, and any other of import issue related to the company. The memoranda is altered merely after certain formalities are observed. It shows the scope of the company. It enables stockholders, creditors and exterior to demo the permitted activities of the company. Harmonizing to the UK Company Act 2006 ( Part 2: Company Formation ) , a company must by formed by one or more persons and dues their names into a memoranda of association and comply with the regulations and ordinances of the act to register. The act besides states that a company can non be formed for any improper intent. The memoranda of association provinces that the company must organize under this act and the persons must hold to be members of the company so that in instance of the company that is to hold portion capital, must take at least one portions each. The application of enrollment papers must incorporate the company’s name, indicant of company’s registered office is situated conditions in England or Wales, whether the proposed company to be public or private and in conclusion whether member’s liability is to be limited by portions or warrant. In Statement of capital and initial shareholdings must incorporate information about figure of portions of the company to be taken on formation by t he endorsers to the memoranda of association and the gross nominal value of the portions. Statement of warrant contains such information as may be prescribed for the intent of placing the endorsers to the memoranda of association. The papers must incorporate a statement where it states that the prescribed member or endorser have to lend to the liabilities of the company if the company winds up in his presence. Contribution of liabilities may include bad debts and liabilities, payments of the costs, disbursals of weaving up, etc. The article of association is the regulations and legislative acts framed for the intent of internal direction of its personal businesss. It is the rights of the member of the company together. The articles are aimed at the attainment of the aims and intent of the Memorandum. The articles of association of a company are low-level to and are controlled by the memoranda of association. Public limited companies are non bound to register their article of association ; but Private limited companies are bound or obliged to register their article of association along with the memoranda. If a company is limited by company, the figure of members with whom the company is to be registered must be stated in the article. For any company, an article of association must incorporate some few affairs. They are: figure and value of portions, portion allocation, change of capital, reading and definition, transportation of portions, managers and their power and responsibilities, meeting notices, precedi ng of manager, histories, audit, dividends, common seal, militias, enlistings for vacancies, secretiveness, etc. As per the Companies Act 1994 ( Bangladesh ) , there are three types of company. They are: 1 ) Company limited by portions ; 2 ) Company limited by warrant ; and 3 ) Company with limitless liability. These three different types of companies do non carry on their concern in same mode. Each follows their ain company fundamental law in legal issues. The fundamental law of the company is contained two documents- the memoranda of association and the articles of association. Any seven or more individual or, where the company to be formed will be a private company, any two or more individuals associated for any lawful intent may, by subscribing their names to a memoranda of association and otherwise following with the demands of this Act in regard of enrollment signifier an integrated company, with or without limited liability, that is to state, either-a company limited by portions that is to state, a company holding the liability of its member limited by the memoranda to the sum, unpaid on the portions severally held by them ; ora company limited by warrant, that is to state, a company holding the liability of its members limited by the memoranda to such sum as the members may severall y thereby undertake to lend to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up ; orAn limitless company, that is to state, a company holding no bound on the liability of its members.The memoranda of a company, which is limited by portions, should include the name of the company including the word LIMITED at the terminal of it, reference of office, liability is limited for the members, proposed portion capital to be registered and dividends. Other than this, the memoranda should include that at least one portion is owned by each member and each member’s figure of portion should be stated opposite to his/her name. Memorandum of a company which is limited by warrant should province the name of the company including the word LIMITED at the terminal of it, reference of office and that the liability is limited for the members. Other than these, it should besides province that that the prescribed member or endorser must hold to lend to the liabilities of the company if the company wounds up during his/her presence in the company. Contribution of liabilities may include bad debts and liabilities, payments of the costs, disbursals of weaving up, etc. If the company is to get portion capital, so the memoranda should include the figure of proposed portion capital and the division thereof into portions of a fixed sum. Each member of the memoranda must get at least one portion and each member’s figure of portion should be stated opposite to his/her name. When the company is to be registered as limitless company, so its memoranda must besides include the name of the company and the reference of their registered office. If the company is to publish portion capital, members of memoranda must get at least one portion each and the figure of portions should be stated opposite to his/her name in the memoranda. Article of Association of company is a subsidiary of and controlled by Memorandum of Association. It is a papers that consists of regulations, ordinances and by-laws sing the internal direction of the company. An article should non go against any proviso of the memoranda and the relationship between articles and memoranda. The Articles are the subsidiary of Memorandum ; the memoranda must be read in concurrence with the Articles ; the footings of the Memorandum can non be modified or controlled by the Articles. Every type of company must make full articles of association at the clip of enrollment. The articles must be signed by the members of the memoranda of association and needs to be registered together with the memoranda. A private company’s article should incorporate information such as figure of members is limited to 50, transportation of portion is restricted and the limitation for ask foring public to buy portions and unsecured bonds. The article of a company which is limited by warrant should include information about the figure of member to be registered in the company and the article of an limitless company should include information about figure of members to be registered and sum of portion capital if the company has a portion capital. The article should include some basic information such as histories, dividends, Directors, general meetings, borrowing powers, portion certification, arbitration, audits, operation of Bankss, etc. The fiscal statements prepared by the company are read by Government people to even local populace. All fiscal statements should be prepared following a basic criterion so that everyone can easy understand. Harmonizing to the UK Company Act 2006, Most accounting criterions are developed based on four premises. They are: Monetary premise, Time period premise, Economic entity and Traveling concern. The value of a company can non be determined merely by sing its assets. There are many companies in the universe where the work force is much more valuable than its assets. It found that such companies generate immense sum of net income despite of its really less fixed assets ; i.e. for illustration a company has entire fixed assets valued at merely TK 5, 00, 000, but the company is bring forthing net incomes of TK 4, 00, 000 yearly. These premises derived from the application of judgement in seting personal premises into pattern. It can be found that many companies have been following similar personal premises for old ages but ne'er came to a common decision. These uses in accounting criterions were commenced in order to show the histories in the most favourable visible radiation. Accounting criterions are reliable criterions for fiscal coverage. They are by and large adopted by GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principle ) . They show how events are presented, measured, recognized and disclosed in a fiscal statement. They provide information about the fiscal places of the company to assorted stakeholders of the company so that the stakeholders can utilize the information to do utile determinations. The accounting criterions were developed in such a manner that any company could easy follow the demands while fixing the fiscal criterions. The criterions were developed decennaries ago to make such accounting criterions that can be easy adopted by any underdeveloped state. As planetary concerns began to turn, big companies realized the necessity of holding common criterions in all countries of the fiscal coverage concatenation. In 2007 a study revealed that many accounting leaders all over the universe believes that for world-wide economic growing, a individua l set of international criterion should be used. At this clip more than 120 states all over the universe follows IFRS criterions to fix fiscal statements. The European Union ( EU ) states such as UK, Italy, France, etc. adopted International Financial Reporting Standards as their national accounting criterion for fixing fiscal statements. Other states such as USA and Bangladesh usage GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principal ) accounting criterion to fix fiscal statements. Though GAAP is an International Standard for Bangladesh, but it is being used in Bangladesh for over decennaries. Hence GAAP being an international criterion for Bangladesh is finally considered as National Standard. All concern entities require accounting criterions whether they are limited or non. Through fiscal statements, a company is able to stand for true and just value of their public presentation, and to do certain that the statements represent true and just value, accounting criterions are required. Public limited companies are bound to print their fiscal statements for the general public but private companies are non. The public limited companies are bound to follow the accounting criterions for just representation of the company’s public presentation but as private companies do non print fiscal statements, they are non bound to follow with accounting criterions. However private limited companies should pattern to follow with accounting criterions as just representation of fiscal statements are of import for its users. International Accounting Standard ( IAS ) & A ; International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) were developed and published by International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) & A ; International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) severally. IASC was established in 1973 and subsequently in 2001 it was restructured to go the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . During the clip when IASB was being established back in 2001, the board adopted all IAS criterions and eventually it was named IFRS. hypertext transfer protocol: //ayshh.hubpages.com/hub/contents-of-Articles-of-Association